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    <title>Publications on Carl Müller-Crepon</title>
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    <description>Recent content in Publications on Carl Müller-Crepon</description>
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    <copyright>&amp;copy; {year} Carl Müller-Crepon. All content is licensed under [CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).</copyright>
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      <title>Coethnics Covote in Africa:  Studying Electoral Cleavages with a Covoting Regression Model</title>
      <link>/publication/ethnic_parties/</link>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We develop a new Covoting Regression to study the effect of ethnicity on voting.</description>
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      <title>Resistance, Collaboration, and Ethnic Bias: Evidence on Social Cohesion in Wartime Ukraine</title>
      <link>/publication/fate_or_choice/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We study the importance of resistance, collaboration, and ethnic identity for social cohesion in wartime Ukraine.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Ethnic Geography and the Colonial Design of Administrative Units in Sub-Saharan Africa</title>
      <link>/publication/ethcrackpack/</link>
      <pubDate>Sun, 08 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>I study the roots of colonial administrative unit designs in ethnic geography.</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Rulers on the Road: Itinerant Rule in the Holy Roman Empire, AD 919–1519</title>
      <link>/publication/itinerant_rule/</link>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We study the geography of the itineraries of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Do Ukrainians Still Prefer Self-Defense Against Russia At Any Cost?</title>
      <link>/publication/at_any_cost_repl/</link>
      <pubDate>Sun, 25 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>In December 2024 and January 2025 Ukrainians still strongly reject political and territorial concessions.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>The Train Wrecks of Modernization: Railway Construction and Nationalist Mobilization in Europe</title>
      <link>/publication/trainwrecks/</link>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We study railroad building and separatist mobilization in 19th and 20th century Europe.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Nationalism and the Transformation of the State: Border Change and Political Violence in the Modern World</title>
      <link>/publication/nationalism_state/</link>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>This books analyzes how nationalism transformed states in Europe and worldwide.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>The Ethnic Politics of Nature Protection</title>
      <link>/publication/protected_areas/</link>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
      <guid>/publication/protected_areas/</guid>
      <description>We study the effect of ethnic politics on the allocation of protected areas.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Building Tribes: How Administrative Units Shaped Ethnic Groups in Africa</title>
      <link>/publication/admin_identities/</link>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
      <guid>/publication/admin_identities/</guid>
      <description>How did administrative geographies (trans-)form ethnic identities in Africa?</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Shaping States into Nations: The Effects of Ethnic Geography on State Borders</title>
      <link>/publication/state_shape/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We analyze the effect of ethnic geography on the partitioning of Europe into states.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>&#39;Right-Peopling&#39; the State: Nationalism, Historical Legacies and Ethnic Cleansing in Europe, 1886-2020</title>
      <link>/publication/ethnic_change/</link>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We analyze the violent process of ethnic homogenization of state populations in Europe since 1886.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>At Any Cost: How Ukrainians Think about Self-Defense Against Russia</title>
      <link>/publication/at_any_cost/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>In a conjoint experiment, we find Ukrainians to categorically reject political and territorial concessions.</description>
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    <item>
      <title>The Future is History: Restorative Nationalism and Conflict in Post-Napoleonic Europe</title>
      <link>/publication/future_history/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We assess how historical &amp;ldquo;golden ages&amp;rdquo; affect nationalist territorial claims and conflict.</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Traditional Institutions in Africa, Past and Present</title>
      <link>/publication/tradinst/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We investigate in how far today&amp;rsquo;s traditional institutions in Africa mirror their precolonial predecessors.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Nationalism and the Puzzle of Reversing State Size</title>
      <link>/publication/state_size/</link>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We assess the roots of the decline of states&amp;rsquo; size in ethno-nationalism.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>State Reach and Development in Africa since the 1960s: New Data and Analysis</title>
      <link>/publication/state_reach_development/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>I show that increases in state reach measured through travel times to administrative capitals foster local development.</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Linking Ethnic Data from Africa (LEDA)</title>
      <link>/publication/leda/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We interlink 11 ethnic datasets from Africa via the language tree.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Local Ethno-Political Polarization and Election Violence in Majoritarian vs. Proportional Systems</title>
      <link>/publication/electoral_violence/</link>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 May 2021 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>Provides evidence that local ethno-political polarization increases violence before majoritarian but not PR elections in Africa.</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Who Benefits? How Local Ethnic Demography Shapes Political Favoritism in Africa</title>
      <link>/publication/ethnic_favoritism/</link>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 May 2021 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We investigate how local ethnic demography affects strategies of favoritism in Africa.</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Roads to Rule, Roads to Rebel: Relational State Capacity and Conflict in Africa</title>
      <link>/publication/roads_rule_rebellion/</link>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>We find that roads decrease conflict risk in connecting ethnic groups to capitals, but increase it in connecting groups internally.</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Continuity or Change? (In)direct Rule in British and French Colonial Africa</title>
      <link>/publication/indirect_rule/</link>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
      <guid>/publication/indirect_rule/</guid>
      <description>New historical data show that the British ruled more indirectly than the French, in particular in precolonially centralized regions.</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Naming the Nation: State Building and National Identity Formation in 19th Century Germany</title>
      <link>/publication/german_names/</link>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
      <guid>/publication/german_names/</guid>
      <description>We study the effect of German unification on cultural homogenization using genealogical data on first names.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Indirect Rule, Cash Crop Production, and Development in Africa</title>
      <link>/publication/indirect_rule_dev/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Apr 2020 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
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      <description>Indirect colonial rule through precolonial institutions improved the developmental impact of cash crop agriculture.</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Chiefs, Pre-Colonial Centralization and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa</title>
      <link>/publication/chiefs_voting/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
      <guid>/publication/chiefs_voting/</guid>
      <description>We analyze the interplay of strong traditional institutions, public service provision, and electoral outcomes in 35 African countries.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Roads to Extraction: Natural Resources and the Physical Foundations of State Capacity in Africa</title>
      <link>/publication/roads_extraction/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
      <guid>/publication/roads_extraction/</guid>
      <description>I analyze the effecs of local agricultural and mineral resources on local colonial state building.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>State building, development and conflict in 20th century Africa</title>
      <link>/publication/dissertation/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
      <guid>/publication/dissertation/</guid>
      <description>Spatial analyses of local state building and its effects on development and conflict.</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>New spatial data on ethnicity: Introducing SIDE</title>
      <link>/publication/side_data/</link>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Apr 2018 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      
      <guid>/publication/side_data/</guid>
      <description>New data on the ethnic and religious composition of local populations in 47 low- and middle-income countries.</description>
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